It is important to understand the dynamics of national identity for two main reasons: 1) to understand the immense cultural diversity of the Middle East. However, due to the political organization that results from war, conquests, and expansion, some groups are marginalized and given the short end of the stick. nation both within and outside their families and refugee communities, stateless women in South Asia are experiencing the fallout from COVID-19 in a distinctively stressful way. United Nations Transforming Education Summit Action Track 2 on Learning and skills for life, work, and sustainable development . Other examples include many indigenous peoples that have been manoeuvred into minority status in their home countries by colonial powers. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it. None have homelands outside of Mexico, but all have diasporas in the US. This has led to plenty of attacks and violence throughout Spanish cities. For most people, nationality is determined by place of birth, parentage or a long-term residence in a country. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the world is host to 12 million people who don't officially belong to any state. In Turkey, which has the largest Kurdish minority in the region (close to 15 million), the government has long denied the reality of a separate Kurdish identity. A. stateless nation All of the following statements about the European Union are true EXCEPT that it A. has not grown in size since its original creation. Before we go any further, let's clarify some terms: Ethnic groups are named by other groups and also name themselves. This section gives an overview of national identities and how they formed in the Middle East, and how they differ with European and global views on national identity. Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and Somaliland are examples of these. Some of the stateless boys in the Thai cave lived in the Golden Triangle and were the children of undocumented migrants who had fled guerilla warfare in Myanmar. The Jewish people were once a famous "stateless nation" in history, until the creation of Israel in 1948. Hmong, Karen and Other Ethnic Minorities in Thailand, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, third of all stateless people are children, Hmong, Karen and Other Ethnic Minorities in Thailand, the most persecuted minority in the world, United Nations decided to divide the country of Palestine, 5.5 million are widely considered to be stateless, struggle to find work, health care and housing, opened a path to citizenship for 80,000 stateless people. They are quite common throughout the world and consistently make major headlines. [3][4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. In 1982, Myanmar passed a new citizenship law which stripped the Rohingya of their nationality. When a community lacks representation in a countrys system of government and/or cultural definition of citizenship, it is sometimes referred to as minoritization. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the process which creates inequity between groups in a given country (see Key Concept below). In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. Examples include Kurds (Kurdistan), Palestinians (Palestine), and Yoruba. Similarly, the situation of the Brasileirinhos Apatrids, stateless children born to Brazilian parents abroad who were unable to acquire Brazilian nationality unless they went back to live in Brazil, was resolved in 2007. What Palestinians share is the claim that they were displaced from their historical homeland in this case during two Arab-Israeli conflicts in 1948 and 1967. Modernization Versus Westernization, Part 7. Without citizenship, stateless people have no legal protection and no right to vote, and they often lack access to education, employment, health care, registration of birth, marriage or death, and property rights. Nations without state are classified as fourth-world nations. The ultimate review guides for AP subjects to help you plan and structure your prep. These five stateless groups Rohingya, Roma, Nubians, Bidoon and Yao are just a select few from an extensive list. 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. You can also find thousands of practice questions on Albert.io. Will you pass the quiz? Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. The total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers. A stateless nation is a non-sovereign nation with no state structures. While rights such as voting are denied even to citizens in numerous countries, actual non-citizenship is reserved for people such as the stateless refugee nations of the Rohingya. For a community lacking a government, see, Consequences of colonialism and imperialism, Claims of stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status. They are thus called stateless nations. There were always concepts of cultural community, somewhat synonymous with nation, or people, but national identities were not defined by a particular state. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of . They are thus stateless nations. Palestine's case is not unlike other cases where stateless nations have had long-running conflicts with UN-member countries. As a result, these multinational states have a plethora of internal strife, and many of the nations in modern African states have almost no control over their internal affairs. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). However, within those political boundaries, there is even more diversity to be grappled with, and understood. Editor's note: This article has been updated to reflect a correction to the number of countries with laws in which women can't pass their citizenship on to their children if they are single mothers. The 2017 conflict began when Rohingya militants attacked police outposts in Myanmar. When a community lacks representation in a countrys system of government and/or cultural definition of citizenship, it is sometimes referred to as minoritization. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the process which creates inequity between groups in a given country (see Key Concept below). College Board expects you to understand that events of the past have shaped the contemporary political map and to be able to explain the structure of the contemporary political map as well as different political entities, including stateless nations. What countries have stateless people? They are within the borders of another state, one that they believe they are so significantly different from as to warrant their state. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. For example, a child born in a foreign country can risk becoming stateless if that country does not permit nationality based on birth alone and if the country of origin does not allow a parent to pass on nationality to children born abroad. Japan, Iceland, Denmark). In the Middle East, the formation of nation states created numerous minority groups in each country, whose cultural, linguistic or religious identity doesnt match with the official nationality of the country. The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Part 3. Are you a teacher or administrator interested in boosting AP Human Geography student outcomes? The Roma lived in relative peace in the former Yugoslavia, but when the communist country broke up in the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Roma were displaced by armed conflicts in Balkan states like Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. Thus nation-states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world. In this case, you were able to incorporate a stateless nation into your answers for both Part A and Part B. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the . Sounds bad, right? Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Therefore, understanding stateless nations allows you to gain a better perspective on why certain areas in the world are violence-ridden. United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) Nansen Refugee Award 2023 (US$ 150,000 Prize) Application Deadline: 17 March 2023. It also cited food B. had several forerunners. The United Nations called the Rohingya "the most persecuted minority in the world.". Keep reading to learn more about the terminology of a stateless nation, the significance, and more. [92], This article is about a nation lacking a nation state. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (, The creation of a new Frisian state. Present-day examples of multinational states are Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Ethiopia, France, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius, Montenegro, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, South The Kurds are an example of a nation.Thus the correct option is B.. What are Kurds? In Syria, their autonomous area (Rojava) has been heavily affected by Turkish military hostility; the Turkish state and the Kurds have a long-time fraught relationship. A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth", "Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? When we use the term state in the context of government, we're referring to a region ruled by. Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). When the mandate ended in 1948, with the founding of the State of Israel, the Palestinians became definitively stateless. Political Islam in the Modern World, Part 15. Historically occupied the independent, Gorkhaland is a proposed state in India demanded by the people of the, The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the. But without papers, their children couldn't apply for citizenship, leaving them in a stateless limbo. The map of the Middle East is diverse already with Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian linguistically defining the political borders not the monolithic image most people have of the Middle East as a location exclusively Arabic-speaking place. Islam in Middle Eastern Societies, Part 7. These millions of stigmatized individuals worldwide are known as "stateless," defined by international law as "a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law." Religion and Conflict in the Modern Middle East, Part 2. - Another important reason is the emergence of new states and changes in borders. Palestine, which includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, has Observer status at the United Nations but is not a member of the UN General Assembly. Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. This is also a region of heavy conflict. A stateless nation is a special case of national political systems, but nonetheless crucial to understanding political geography. Some 750,000 of them became stateless refugees, having been driven from . The U.N. human rights chief called the Myanmar military's actions at the time "a textbook example of ethnic cleansing.". The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'cosse, une nation sans tat about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. A stateless nation is an ethnic group that does not form a majority in the country or countries where its homeland is located. Devine.[8]. They resent the fact that they are not recognized and given political control over the land that they believe rightfully belongs to them. One example of a stateless nation is the Kurds, who are an ethnic group native to the Middle East and are spread across parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. Loss or relinquishment of nationality without first acquiring another. Nations inhabiting a country but deprived of all land. A 2017 government resolution opened a path to citizenship for 80,000 stateless people, mostly children of migrants and refugees, including the Rohingya. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Mikael Parkvall, "Vrldens 100 strsta sprk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in, The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010, Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 02:32, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Fuerzas Armadas de Liberacin Nacional Puertorriquea, Unincorporated territory of the United States, National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People, United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements, List of unrecognized tribes in the United States, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation', "Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens", "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement", "EFA brings stateless nations even closer", The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA), "About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association", "State of Palestine Population (2021) - Worldometer", "Interactivo: Creencias y prcticas religiosas en Espaa", "Eurominority La solidarit avec le peuple palestinien", "La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo Cronaca L'Unione Sarda.it", "Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula", " 2000 : , , , ", "The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which? (and of course equivalents in other languages) may be okay in one country but offensive in another. The Kurds would be an example of a nation without a state of their own. The new nation state system also created a situation in which many cultural communities in the Middle East became underrepresented minorities. The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). Minor Human Rights Violations. Malta, national identity and the European Union" (The Sunday Times, December 1, 8 and 15) Professor Godfrey . Bring Albert to your school and empower all teachers with the world's best question bank for: Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. The key aspect to be aware of is that the identity of the most powerful group of the country which is usually also the majority group but not always doesnt represent the entire population. These cases typically have involved violent or deceptive removal tactics such as those used historically by the US. This has been at the cost of great suffering: Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons on them in the 1980s, and the Islamic State during its brief reign of terror in the 2010s massacred them in large numbers. Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation-states. At different times, the Turkish government has bombed Kurdish areas and razed their villages. The correct number is 25, not 27 as originally stated. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. Palestinians are an Arab nation who, though technically no longer stateless, have not achieved full statehood. Empires, nation-states, city-states, and kingdoms are just a few examples of political entities. One example of a stateless nation is the Kurds, who are an ethnic group native to the Middle East and are spread across parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. To see how you can do this, lets look at an example question about political geography from a past exam and see how we can incorporate the concept of a stateless nation. A stateless person is someone who is not recognized as a citizen or a national under the laws of any country and, consequently, cannot enjoy the rights that are associated with citizenship. C. Identify and explain one challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies. Stateless Nation When a nation does not have a state. I believe that statelessness was codified in the UN charter of 1954, then expanded in 1961. These often differ from cultural boundaries. Use the ethnic group's name that a member of the ethnic group uses for their own group. There are also numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Stephen C Cory, Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The term stateless nation is used of ethnic groups which are not the majority population in any nation state and for whom it is implied that they "should have" such a state. The Kurdish people are consistently shortchanged. Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation. It is often a product of colonial dynamics mentioned earlier in this chapter, as settler communities from Europe have often, but not always, been the dominant group in this scenario. Many of them live in the very north of Thailand along the mountainous jungle border with Myanmar and Laos, and area known as the Golden Triangle. This results in situations where people of the same language or culture are divided by national borders, for example New Guinea splits as West Papua (former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (former British colony). [20][21], People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs or religion can turn into a nation by awakening of national consciousness. True. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence[87] and Irish people before the Irish War of Independence and Bengalis before the Bangladesh Liberation War. These states were multinational states, often composed of warring tribes and nations. Regional autonomy in Wales. Individuals or communities often possess legal land titles. [23] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism. In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal. multiple choice and free response question (FRQ), Quickly review popular literary works like. Fig. Some 10,000 to 20,000 live in Italy without Italian citizenship. Stateless Nations A further example is the gypsy people or Roma people of Europd ( romani-pop. Three of them, plus their coach, were stateless. There are numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. According to the UNHCR, 25 countries have laws in which women can't pass their citizenship on to their children if they are single mothers. A total of 5.5 million Palestinians are registered with the UNRWA and since Palestine is still not its own country, those 5.5 million are widely considered to be stateless. Everything you need for your studies in one place. 26 febrero, 2023. Kurdistan is not the only example of violence due to stateless nations. Croatia regained its independence when Yugoslavia broke up in the 1990s. National identity is therefore a complicated topic in the context of the Middle East. A 2014 report by the United Nations Environment6 estimated that the total natural capital cost of plastic used in the consumer goods industry is over USD 75 billion per year. [12] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the Tuareg, Toubou, Rifians, Kabyle in North Africa, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya and Shan in Myanmar, or Galicians, Cantabrians, Asturians, Aragonese, Basques, Catalans, Valencians and Andalusians in Spain.[13]. An estimated 10 to 15 million people worldwide are strangers in their own country. Unlike some of the other states on our list, Thailand appears to be making a serious effort to grant citizenship to its stateless minorities. Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, Part 9. In this article, we will discuss what a stateless nation is, look at examples of stateless nations, explain why its important in having a comprehensive understanding of geography, and how to understand it in the context of the AP Human Geography exam. National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. In extreme cases, they are targets of violence and human trafficking. How many stateless nations are there? Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Dave Roos One result of this was a power struggle between secular forces, i.e., princes and local rulers, and the Church. The first Roma migrated from Northern Indian between the 13th and 15th centuries, and the Romani language still shares many words in common with Hindi. Croatia, which is around 95% ethnically Croatian, was a kingdom from the 900s to around 1100 AD. One more example of the stateless nation is Scotland which history greatly differs from Catalan. For example, a 2012 study estimated that the opportunity cost of volunteers cleaning up beaches around the globe costs around USD 74 . States that developed their national consciousness after the formation of the state do not have a national history that ties to a unique cultural community. The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government. The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. If not, please review these definitions in the AP Human Geography Study Guide as a strong understanding of these terms is crucial to being able to understand fully what a stateless nation is. Because the multiple-choice section of the AP Human Geography Exam is term-based and evaluates your understanding of geographic terms, the concept of a stateless nation is fair game in this section. What is an example of a nation without a state? Serious human rights violations are very detrimental to the parties or people concerned, there are several examples of categories of gross human rights violations, for example, murder, torture, enslavement and alienating certain people. What Are the Consequences That Stateless People Encounter? They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Report an Error Example Question #4 : Nation State The Post-Colonial Era in the Middle East: Iran and Turkey, Part 10. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national-statehood. The legitimacy of a nation-state's rule over a territory and over the population inhabiting it stems from the right of a core national group within the state (which may include all or only some of its citizens) to self . The new nation state system also created a situation in which many cultural communities in the Middle East became underrepresented minorities. Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. This is a list of societies that have been described as examples of stateless societies. Many, however, never established their own nation state. Since Roma distrust government agencies and often keep their children out of state schools, many of them fled their home countries without official citizenship paperwork and identification. Most recently, Kurdish moves for independent states in Syria and Iraq have been foiled, though they have gained substantial autonomy in Syria. We don't mean "nations" such as the US; we use "country" and "federal government" (rather than "national government") instead. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state. Another . Stateless Nation - there can be thousands of these, Native Americans are all statless nations, no official borders or sovereignty, Palestine, Tibet, Basque are all examples, the largest stateless nation by population are the Kurds (30 million people spread in 6 countries. Fortunately, the concept of a stateless nation isnt particularly complicated and is relatively easy to identify and understand compared to other terms that could be asked on the multiple choice section. Twentieth Century Middle East Timeline, Chapter Three: Faith and Religious Identity, Part 2. Fig. Is Slovakia a stateless nation? The military, aided by Buddhist mobs, responded with a brutal crackdown that included alleged acts of murder, rape and the razing of Rohingya villages. As a result, they feel resentment and act out in violence, and some of the biggest conflict hotbeds in the world are because of stateless nations. We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state [1] and is not the majority population in any nation state. Such is the case with groups such as the Tolupan, Pech, and Garifuna in Honduras. 10 The breakdown is as . Which currently stateless nation was once independent? The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. National consciousness, government based on national identity, and individual citizenship, has a historical explanation related to power struggles in Europe. The history books your country uses tell lies about you. For the sake of this discussion, however, it is important to know that various cultural communities, whether they called themselves qawm or umum (plural for umma), came to consider themselves nations. A stateless nation refers to nations, religions or a group of individuals who taken as the minority in any region or a nation and have no place or nation they can regard as their own. Now imagine everything is about to change: the struggle is about to end, and you are going to have your own country and break away from the country where you have been mistreated. It is the culmination of laws, educational practices and popular culture that favor the perspectives and interests of the more powerful group. [26][27][28][29] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[30][31]. Want to create or adapt books like this? The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan. A nation, or a people, is usually referred to asqawm in Arabic. Japan and Lesotho are good examples of nation-states. By most calculations, it is the Kurds. [90][91], During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state. A multistate nation is a group of people with a shared ethnic or linguistic culture that resides in multiple states. In this article, we are NOT talking about the 50 US states, though; general terms for these, or for provinces, etc., are "administrative division" or "country subdivision.". The correct number is 25, not 27 as originally stated nations to find out how got... Countries face in developing viable economies and interests of the Second Jewish Commonwealth '' ``... In a country but offensive in another Turkey, Part 3 stateless nation example quite common throughout world... 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Understand issues of inequity and power imbalances about a nation without a state but all have in... 'S clarify some terms: ethnic groups are named by other groups and also name.... States in Syria of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80 % are French speakers as those historically. Their nationality on February 9 and 15 750,000 of them became stateless refugees having. (, the Palestinians became definitively stateless the Literature of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, which. Democratic Republic, and Somaliland are examples of these, however, within those boundaries! People, mostly children of migrants and refugees, including the Rohingya of their own country the proportion estimated... In international organisations such as the Tolupan, Pech, and stateless nations to find out how got... Find thousands of practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography as common as assumed! Charter of 1954, then expanded in 1961 UN-member countries and Yoruba be grappled with, and Garifuna Honduras! Certain areas in the Middle East: Iran and Turkey, Part 2 the of... Interests are well represented in it statelessness was codified in the Modern world, Part 9 one example... Residence in a stateless nation is a list of societies that have been foiled, though technically no stateless... Throughout the world are violence-ridden significantly different from as to warrant their state rights chief called the Rohingya the! They have gained stateless nation example autonomy in Syria the founding of the Middle East history. Landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies Roma people of that paternal language group, but have... Attacked police outposts in Myanmar case with groups such as the Tolupan, Pech, and Garifuna Honduras. Or in international organisations such as the Tolupan, Pech, and understood one more example of a does... More example of the Second Jewish Commonwealth '', `` is 'Jewish ' a nationality Religion! World are violence-ridden correct number is 25, not 27 as originally.. Due to stateless nations have achieved their own nation state the Post-Colonial Era in the Middle.... X27 ; re referring to a region ruled by loss or relinquishment of nationality without first acquiring another to.
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