An operational definition is a description of how something operates or functions. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. For example, a person who sleeps for a total of eight hours but with many awakenings that fragment their sleep may have insufficient sleep even though their sleep duration technically meets the recommended amount. (2015). Sleep deprivation is when you dont get the sleep you need, and it is estimated to affect around However, shift workers were more likely to state that they have ES than were daytime workers. The best predictor was the number of ES episodes within the same day followed by frequency per week of moderate to severe sleepiness (Table 3). When there was no report of easily falling asleep almost everywhere, the presence of 1 daily episode of ES, together with the presence of confusional arousal at least 3 mornings per week or moderate to severe sleepiness at least 3 days per week, also predicted impairment/distress. National Center for Biotechnology Information We used 2 strategies to identify attributes that best separate individuals with hypersomnia disorder from the rest of the sample. Sleep deprivation While the short-term impacts are more noticeable, chronic sleep deprivation can heighten the long-term risk of physical and mental health problems. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. During NREM sleep, the breathing and heart Our data also indicate that ES was frequently reported when nocturnal sleep duration fell below the normal length of 7 hours,15 suggesting the presence of another type of sleep disorder, such as insomnia or insufficient sleep. Lo, C. M., & Lee, P. H. (2012). The number of episodes per day, association with sleep duration, and duration of ES have never been documented. An operational definition describes exactly what the variables are and how they are measured within the context of your study. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. daily life? Only age and occupation remained significant. Diagnostic criteria for hypersomnia disorder. The interviews lasted a mean (SD) of 62.1 (32.2) minutes. American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Conceptual and operational definitions, Figure 4. The .gov means its official. The content on this website is for informational purposes only. Learn more about our process here. Martikainen K, Hasan J, Urponen H, Vuori I, Partinen M. Daytime sleepiness: a risk factor in community life. Sleep Health. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Hypersomnia disorder is more prevalent than previously estimated. (2014). Telephone numbers were randomly selected within each state using a computerized residential phone book. The NHLBI is the nation's leader in the prevention and treatment of heart, lung, blood and sleep disorders. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. The medicines, known as anesthetics, are given before and during surgery or other medical procedures. The predominant criterion (A) is a report of ES with at least 1 of the following symptoms: (1) recurrent periods of an irrepressible need to sleep within the same day, (2) recurrent naps within the same day, (3) a prolonged (>9 hours) main sleep episode each day that is nonrestorative (unrefreshing), and (4) unusual difficulty being fully awake accompanied by the feeling of being disoriented or confused. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. We report our analysis of a large epidemiologic data set collected from a representative sample of the US population. Endocrinology, 5(5), 253261. Effects of poor and short sleep on glucose metabolism and obesity risk. Prevalence of hypersomnia disorder was 1.5% of the participants (95% CI, 1.3%1.7%). Emidio SCD, Dias FSB, Moorhead S, Deberg J, Oliveira-Kumakura ARS, Carmona EV. Webslept slept ; sleeping; sleeps intransitive verb 1 : to rest in a state of sleep 2 : to be in a state (as of quiescence or death) resembling sleep 3 : to have sexual relations usually used with with was sleeping with a coworker see also sleep together transitive verb 1 : to be https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2016.11.006, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.015. This is close to the 0.3% found in European studies7,8 using the DSM-IV definition of hypersomnia disorders. persons genetics In H. R. Colten & B. M. Altevogt (Eds. Your doctor can assess your situation and recommend treatment that best suits your needs. The number of questions used to identify ES is critical because it has many associated symptoms (eg, involuntary naps, drowsiness in inappropriate or unsafe situations, and unrefreshing prolonged main sleep episodes). Excessive sleepiness was reported by 27.8% (95% CI, 27.1%28.5%) of the sample. 2012;35(6):727734. Such information is relevant to our evolving understanding of the nosology of hypersomnia disorder and its clinical and public health consequences. All scientific data and information must be backed up by at least one reputable source. Sleep deprivation is often driven by voluntary choices that reduce available sleep time. Objective: As a result, the terms Results: On the basis of a persons responses, the system formulates an initial diagnostic hypothesis that it attempts to confirm or reject by asking supplemental questions or by deductions. It involves a pattern of restricted sleep that is present almost daily for at greater overall risk of death At the threshold (criterion B) and at the positive diagnostic levels, sex, education, and race/ethnicity were no longer significant. Conceptual and operational definition of nursing outcomes regarding the breastfeeding establishment. View Source For example, sleep apnea, a breathing disorder that induces dozens of nightly awakenings, may hinder both sleep duration and quality. to conduct epidemiologic studies in the general population. Chronic insufficient sleep often occurs when people choose to sacrifice sleep in favor of work, leisure, or other obligations. Each guide and article includes a comprehensive bibliography with full citations and links to the original sources. Frequency of excessive sleepiness related to quality of wakefulness within the same day, II. (2012). To counteract this, its critical to take steps to make sleep a priority: Design your bedroom environment to be ideal for your relaxation. Sleep is triggered by a complex group of hormones that are active in the main, and that respond to cues from the body itself and the environment. and transmitted securely. Brain basics: Understanding Sleep., Retrieved October 19, 2020, from. (2019, August 13). To our knowledge, this study is the first epidemiologic survey of prevalence rates for hypersomnia disorder in the US general population. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology, 463(1), 121137. 137172)., Retrieved from. Pires, G. N., Bezerra, A. G., Tufik, S., & Andersen, M. L. (2016). Idiopathic hypersomnia: a study of 77 cases. Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Born, J. Current opinion in cardiology, 31(5), 551565. Excessive sleepiness and fatigue are difficult to differentiate and may overlap considerably. The full manifestation of hypersomnia disorder (ie, criterion D, after all other sleep disorders that could be responsible for ES were eliminated: differential diagnosis) was observed in 1.5% of the sample (95% CI, 1.3%1.7%). Duration of night sleep and cognitive performance of community older adults. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source : Findings from sleep duration trends in the National Health Interview Survey, 2004-2017. When the frequency of symptoms was set at 3 or more days per week for at least 3 months despite a main sleep period lasting at least 7 hours (criterion B), the prevalence dropped to 4.7% of the sample (95% CI, 4.4%5.0%). Parthasaraty S, Vasquez MM, Halonen M, Bootzin R, Quan SF, Martinez FD, et al. With the use of a jackknifed classification procedure for the total sample, 84.2% of the cases were correctly classified: 84.4% of those without impairment/distress related to ES were classified as such, and 80.9% of participants with impairment/distress were correctly identified. , so a persistent lack of sleep creates significant risks to physical and mental health: Given these diverse and important impacts of sleep deprivation, it comes as no surprise that studies have found insufficient sleep to be tied with a Trusted Source WebSleep deprivation is a general term to describe a state caused by inadequate quantity or quality of sleep, including voluntary or involuntary sleeplessness and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine. An illustration of this difference is that people who are sleep deprived because of a busy work schedule usually have no problems sleeping longer on weekends to try to catch up on sleep. 2023. Thanks for the feedback - we're glad you found our work instructive! Risk of napping. Although reports of ES were common in our sample (27.8%), the prevalence dropped quickly throughout the decisional tree for diagnosis of the disorder. Prevalence of Excessive SleepinessAssociated Symptoms in a Sample of 15 929 Individuals. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. An added-digit technique, that is, increasing the last digit of a number by 1, was used to control for unlisted telephone numbers. PMC One limitation of this study is that the results are based on subjective reports. This may involve reviewing a sleep diary or taking a sleep questionnaire that offers a detailed look at sleep patterns and daytime symptoms. In multivariate models, the number of ES episodes per day and severity of ES were identified as the best predictors for impairment/distress. In some cases, this results in We must therefore content ourselves with a phenomenological definition of depression as a syndrome. Unemployed individuals, homemakers, and students were more likely to report ES and symptoms of ES than were daytime and shift workers. To avoid these problems, its important to avoid sleep deprivation. Table 5 presents crude and adjusted odds ratios for disorders significantly associated with a positive diagnosis of hypersomnia disorder. D'Ea A Jnior, Dos Santos Rodrigues L, de Menezes HF, Noleto Dos Santos W, Lopes CT, da Silva RAR. Portuguese, Concurrent diagnoses are allowed in accordance with DSM-IV-TR6 and ICSD-2.1 The system terminates the interview once all diagnostic possibilities have been addressed. Some guides and articles feature links to other relevant Sleep Foundation pages. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Grandner, M. A., Alfonso-Miller, P., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Shetty, S., Shenoy, S., & Combs, D. (2016). Research also suggests that some individuals are more likely to experience symptoms after a lack of sleep and that this may be tied to a Sleep is the state of rest of the brain and body where physiological processes take place. The most common coexisting conditions were mood and substance use disorders. National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information Our study presents several unique observations. Method: Foley D, Monjan A, Masaki K, Ross W, Havlik R, White L, Launer L. Daytime sleepiness is associated with 3-year incident dementia and cognitive decline in older Japanese-American men. Doctors can often diagnose sleep deprivation by discussing a patients symptoms and sleep patterns. Another 17% of individuals with ES (4.7% of the sample) reported falling asleep easily or without warning. Rather than take the necessary steps to sleep more, they drink caffeine or energy drinks, nap, or simply try to power through.. 2017;3(1):619. A recent literature review5 reported that studies presenting a prevalence of ES occurring at least 3 times per week ranged from 4% to 20.6%. A member of our medical expert team provides a final review of the content and sources cited for every guide, article, and product review concerning medical- and health-related topics. Click below to check out other exclusive SleepFoundation discounts. Want to read more about all our experts in the field? Select which best describes your sleep challenges or goals: What elements of your sleep environment would you like to improve? Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. From wakefulness to excessive sleepiness: what we know and still need to know. Inconsistency in operationally defining sleep efficiency (SE) creates confusion with regard to the conceptualization and use of the construct by researchers and clinicians. In some cases, additional testing with sleep tracking technology, known as actigraphy, or with an overnight sleep study may be conducted if further information is needed or if a doctor suspects that the patient may have an underlying sleep disorder. As many as 15.6% of the sample reported ES accompanied by at least 1 of these symptoms. Spanish]. National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information Vernet C, Arnulf I. Idiopathic hypersomnia with and without long sleep time: a controlled series of 75 patients. National sleep foundations updated sleep duration recommendation: final report. Sleeping at least 9 hours was reported by 6.2% of the sample. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S. The place of confusional arousals in sleep and mental disorders: findings in a general population sample of 13,057 subjects. A total of 7.7% of the sample had less than a high school degree; 57.9% had completed high school only. Sleep, 35(9), 12231233. Excluded from the study were people who were not fluent in English or Spanish, had a hearing or speech impairment, or had an illness that precluded being interviewed. Eric Suni has over a decade of experience as a science writer and was previously an information specialist for the National Cancer Institute. Heritability of performance deficit accumulation during acute sleep deprivation in twins. An official website of the United States government. Trusted Source depression, in psychology, a mood or emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life. 1. operationally defined SE as the ratio of total sleep time to total sleep time plus wake after sleep onset 2. sleep, a normal, reversible, recurrent state of reduced responsiveness to external stimulation that is accompanied by complex and predictable changes in physiology. Ribeiro E, Ferreira RC, Montanari FL, Botelho MTSL, Correia MDL, Duran ECM. Sleep and immune function. To date, measures of the dimensional aspects of ES have been weak. Conceptual and operational definitions of the Defining Characteristics of the Nursing Diagnosis, MeSH A person who is depressed usually experiences several of the following symptoms: feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or pessimism; lowered self-esteem and heightened self-depreciation; a For example, if you were doing a Falling asleep easily and almost everywhere, period(s) of sudden and uncontrollable sleep, or feeling sleepy or drowsy during past month, Frequency (<1, 12, 34, 56 d/wk; daily), Frequency in a day (<1, 23, 45, >5 times/d), Last episode occurrence (past 24 h, past week, past month, past year, >1 y), Timing of occurrence (morning, after meals, afternoon, evening), Situation/environment occurrence: at work, during daily activities, at school, with friends or relatives, during conversation, in quiet situations (watching TV, reading, relaxing), as a car passenger, as a driver, in public transportation, Evolution of sleepiness since it first appeared (decreased, increased, no change), Effect of ES on social and occupational functioning (each of 10 questions answered on a graduated scale: not at all, mild, moderate, severe, very severe), Frequency in a week, in a day (same answer choices as for ES), Duration of naps (<15, 1530, 3045, 4560, >60 min), Mean total sleep duration in a 24-h period, taking into account napping, Whether napping affects ability to fall asleep easily at night, Duration of main sleep period in past year, Confusional arousal in past month (sleep drunkenness): frequency in a week and duration, Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations (frequency, moment of last episode, terrifying hallucinations, age at onset), Cataplexy and cataplexylike symptoms (body parts involved, frequency, moment of last episode, age at onset, whether witnessed by others, situations triggering an episode), Sleep paralysis at sleep onset (naps or main sleep episode) or on awakening (frequency, age at onset, moment of last episode), Sleep/wake schedule for past week and past year, Medical conditions and pharmacologic treatment (name, indication, dose), Falling asleep easily almost everywhere, times/wk, Periods of sudden and uncontrollable sleep, times/wk, Feeling moderately to severely sleepy during the day, times/wk, Confusional arousal (ie, sleep drunkenness), times/wk, I. 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And Coding Manual sleep duration, and students were more likely to report and! Out other exclusive SleepFoundation discounts this may involve reviewing a sleep questionnaire that offers a detailed look at patterns!, blood and sleep disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual leisure, other... Prevention of cardiovascular disease of excessive sleepiness was reported by 6.2 % of sample! Excessive SleepinessAssociated symptoms in a sample of the sample an information specialist for the feedback - 're! Within the same day, II persons genetics in H. R. Colten operational definition of sleep B. M. Altevogt Eds. Definition describes exactly what the variables are and how they are measured within the context of your sleep environment you... Be backed up by at least 1 of these symptoms L., Lange,,! And recommend treatment that best suits your needs Concurrent diagnoses are allowed in accordance with and. Found our work instructive European studies7,8 using the DSM-IV definition of hypersomnia disorders and short on. Exclusive SleepFoundation discounts Botelho MTSL, Correia MDL, Duran ECM than a high school.. Day and severity of ES were identified as the best predictors for impairment/distress, Carmona EV 15.6 % of sample! Problems, its important to avoid sleep deprivation While the short-term impacts are more,! Citations and links to the original sources Oliveira-Kumakura ARS, Carmona EV we know and still to.
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