213, 219, 223, 224 Quote: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998), Findings on the role of allies of the state, pages 227238, Peter Harris, "The role of rightwing vigilantes in South Africa", in. [233] The Zondo Commission of Inquiry was appointed during the Presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa to investigate allegations of state capture related corruption. The British then seized the Cape in 1795 to prevent it from falling into French hands. On 4 November 1977, the Security Council imposed a mandatory arms embargo in terms of Resolution 181 calling upon all States to cease the sale and shipment of arms, ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa. Last names come from indigenous, colonialist, and diasporic roots. South Africa's prehistory has been divided into two phases based on broad patterns of technology namely the Stone Age and Iron Age.After the discovery of hominins at Taung and australopithecine fossils in limestone caves at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai these areas were collectively . [145], The early-1940s saw the pro-Nazi Ossewa Brandwag (OB) movement become half-a-million strong, including future prime minister John Vorster and Hendrik van den Bergh, the future head of police intelligence. The first modern humans are believed to have inhabited South Africa more than 100,000 years ago. This Second AngloBoer War, also known as the South African War lasted longer than the first, with British troops being supplemented by colonial troops from Southern Rhodesia, Canada, India, Australia and New Zealand. Luter South African. Smiths created objects of iron, copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade. [89] The country was subsequently named Basutoland and is presently named Lesotho. Occupation can tell you about your ancestor's social and economic status. Following the defeat of the Boers in the AngloBoer or South African War (18991902), the Union of South Africa was created as a self-governing dominion of the British Empire on 31 May 1910 in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Colony of Natal, Transvaal Colony, and Orange River Colony. [170], In early 2002, a planned military coup by a white supremacist movement known as the Boeremag (Boer Force) was foiled by the South African police. [211] As the culmination of mounting local and international opposition to apartheid in the 1980s, including the armed struggle, widespread civil unrest, economic and cultural sanctions by the international community, and pressure from the anti-apartheid movement around the world, State President F. W. de Klerk announced the lifting of the ban on the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress and the South African Communist Party, as well as the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela on 2 February 1990, after twenty-seven years in prison. In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President. The uprising spread throughout the country. Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply. It caused the consolidation of groups such as the Matebele, the Mfengu and the Makololo. Meaning "lynx" in English. [249][250] By mid-July, the South African National Defense Forces had deployed approximately 25,000 military personnel. 3. [43][44][24], In 1818, Nguni tribes in Zululand created a militaristic kingdom between the Tugela River and Pongola River, under the driving force of Shaka kaSenzangakhona, son of the chief of the Zulu clan. 1. -- Cape Town : H. Timmins, 1965. [152] On 11 March 1994, several hundred AWB members formed part of an armed right-wing force that invaded the nominally independent "homeland" territory of Bophuthatswana, in a failed attempt to prop up its unpopular, conservative leader Chief Lucas Mangope. Abara - Origin: West African (Igbo). 36. In 1872, after a long political struggle, it attained responsible government with a locally accountable executive and Prime Minister. "B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson. English and Dutch became the two official languages in 1925.[129][130]. Botha (pronounced / b r t / in non-rhotic dialects of English, Afrikaans pronunciation: ) is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Friso-Saxon Both. Abundant, cheap African labour was central to the success of Kimberley diamond mining, as it would later also be to the success of gold mining on the Witwatersrand. [67] Members of this mixed-race community formed the core of what was to become the Griqua people. Census records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your South African ancestors, such as occupation. Mani is the reduced form of the South Indian surname Subramanian. Subsequent to the killing of the Retief party, the Boers defended themselves against a Zulu attack, at the Ncome River on 16 December 1838. Boujettif Northern African (Archaic) Meaning, "The family of the son of the Clever Head" or "One Whom Possess a Clever Head." Bou (normally used in the North African Regions of the Maghrib Countries) has 2 possible derivative meanings both originating from the Arabic language, "Son of." or an Arabic word Tho meaning, "One Who Possess A Quality."Jettif is a variance of Jettef, Jeif or Ji'f . [99] The widening search for gold and other resources were financed by the wealth produced and the practical experience gained at Kimberley. The meaning of this strong African boys' name makes it ideal for the first son of a family that has Ibibio ancestry. About three thousand Zulu warriors died in the clash known historically as the Battle of Blood River.[81][82]. 6. Gill: Gill is a Punjabi surname. [142] A number of South African fighter pilots served with distinction in the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain, including Group Captain Adolph "Sailor" Malan who led 74 Squadron and established a record of personally destroying 27 enemy aircraft. The oldest is Little Foot, a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old, discovered at Sterkfontein by Ronald J. Clarke. President Kruger suspected the insurgency had received at least the tacit approval of the Cape Colony government under the premiership of Cecil John Rhodes, and that Kruger's South African Republic faced imminent danger. Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) was introduced . Like the Dutch before them, the British initially had little interest in the Cape Colony, other than as a strategically located port. When he did not pay the fine in full, a battle broke out on the Berea Plateau in 1852, where the British suffered heavy losses. [203], Hundreds of students and others who fled to neighbouring countries, especially Botswana, to avoid arrest after the Soweto uprising of 16 June 1976, provided a fertile recruiting ground for the military wings of both the ANC and PAC. It was an independent and internationally recognised nation-state in southern Africa from 1852 to 1902. After the March 1960 massacre of 69 peaceful demonstrators at Sharpeville, and the subsequent declaration of a state of emergency, and the banning of anti-apartheid parties including the African National Congress (ANC), the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), and the Communist Party of South Africa, the focus of national resistance turned to armed struggle and underground activity. [88] War broke out again in 1865. Kruger reacted by forming an alliance with the neighbouring Boer republic of Orange Free State. Rosenthal, Eric. Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd followed, with their Gold Fields of South Africa company. An academic study conducted in 2006, found that South Africans showed levels of xenophobia greater than anywhere else in the world. There are 3,000 census records available for the last name South African. From the outset of hostilities in October 1899 to the signing of peace on 31 May 1902 the war claimed the lives of 22,000 imperial soldiers and 7,000 republican fighters. The Battle of Delville Wood and the sinking of the SS Mendi being the greatest single incidents of loss of life. A key act of legislation during this time was the Homeland Citizens Act of 1970. [197], From the 1940s to the 1960s, anti-apartheid resistance within the country took the form mainly of passive resistance, influenced in part by the pacifist ideology of Mahatma Gandhi. Paul Kruger, one of the leaders of the uprising, became President of the ZAR in 1883. In 2007, less than half the protests were associated with some form of violence, compared with 2014, when almost 80% of protests involved violence on the part of the participants or the authorities. "[69] They were joined on their long journey by a number of San and Khoikhoi aboriginals, local African tribesmen, and also some white renegades. Genocide: A History. The . Nearly 9,000 were killed in action. It is likely that around 50% of white men of military age served during the war, more than 146,000 whites. [192][193], South Africa in the 1980s also provided logistical and other covert support to Resistncia Nacional Moambicana (RENAMO) rebels, in neighbouring Mozambique fighting the FRELIMO-run government during the Mozambique Civil War, and it launched cross-border raids into Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana, killing or capturing a number of South African exiles. It comes from a Punjabi word 'gil, which means 'prosperity'. The Ibibio name Akpan means firstborn son. In 1896, the German Kaiser Kaiser Wilhelm had enraged Britain by sending congratulations to Boer republican leader Paul Kruger after Kruger's commandos captured a column of British South Africa Company soldiers engaged in an armed incursion and abortive insurrection, known historically as the Jameson Raid, into Boer territory. Hint: Try searching for a relative alive in 1940. Luckhoff South African Lupondo South African Luter South African Madia South African This did not prevent the outbreak of a Second AngloBoer war. From the 1830s onwards, numbers of white settlers from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and started arriving in the fertile southern part of territory known as the Lower Caledon Valley, which was occupied by Basotho cattle herders under the authority of the Basotho founding monarch Moshoeshoe I. The establishment of the staging post by the Dutch East India Company at the Cape in 1652 soon brought the Khoikhoi into conflict with Dutch settlers over land ownership. The British suffragette Emily Hobhouse visited British concentration camps in South Africa and produced a report condemning the appalling conditions there. Philip's intention was for the Griquas to protect the missionary station there against banditti in the region, and as a bulwark against the northward movement of white settlers from the Cape Colony. The Bantu expansion was one of the major demographic movements in human prehistory, sweeping much of the African continent during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. As one of their first tasks they outlawed the use of the Dutch language in 1806 with the view of converting the European settlers to the British language and culture. The First Sekhukhune War of 1876 was conducted by the Boers, and the two separate campaigns of the Second Sekhukhune War of 1878/1879 were conducted by the British. There are 3,000 census records available for the last name South African. The colony, with an estimated population of less than 400,000 in 1904[56] ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free State Province. [194][195][196], Organised resistance to Afrikaner nationalism was not confined exclusively to activists of the oppressed, dark-skinned population. Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights. [109] In 1895 there was an investment boom in Witwatersrand gold-mining shares. [10], The descendants of the Middle Paleolithic populations are thought to be the aboriginal San and Khoikhoi tribes. Abara (Igbo origin) meaning "spirit". Abimbola: 29. Aubrey Newman, Nicholas J Evans, J Graham Smith & Saul W Issroff. The South African Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging or AWB (meaning Afrikaner Resistance Movement), a militant neo-Nazi, mainly Afrikaner white supremacist movement that arose in the 1970s, and was active until the mid-1990s, openly used a flag that closely resembled the swastika. "Untold History with a Historiography: A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History.". The commission charged by agents was the same as the payment for one slave, thus those settlers only claiming for one slave would receive nothing. 142168. In 1828 Shaka was killed by his half-brothers Dingaan and Umhlangana. [132] Eight South Africans won the Victoria Cross for gallantry, the Empire's highest and prestigious military medal. [97] No material benefits accrued to the Griquas as a result of either colonisation or annexation; they did not receive any share of the diamond wealth generated at Kimberley. The provision of ARV treatment resulted in 100,000 fewer AIDS-related deaths in 2011 than in 2005. The prehistory and history of South Africa span nearly the entire known existence of human beings and their ancestorssome three million years or moreand include the wandering of small bands of hominins through the savanna, the inception of herding and farming as ways of life, and the construction of large urban centres. Starting from the mid-1800s, the Cape of Good Hope, which was then the largest state in southern Africa, began moving towards greater independence from Britain. [239] The government owned power utility Eskom has been plagued with corruption and mismanagement, most notability during the presidency of Jacob Zuma, which has limited its ability to resolve the crisis. Pretorius Southern African, Afrikaans From Latin praetor meaning "leader". In 1874, Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being. [11][12][13], The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. A succession of wars were conducted between the Boers and the Basotho for the next 10 years. [246][247]The Economist called it the worst violence that South Africa had experienced since the end of Apartheid. Initially, a period of strong economic growth and social development ensued. The incident was widely criticised by the public, civil society organisations and religious leaders. Since then, the African National Congress has governed South Africa, in an alliance with the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions. [80], The increasing economic involvement of the British in southern Africa from the 1820s, and especially following the discovery of first diamonds at Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal, resulted in pressure for land and African labour, and led to increasingly tense relations with Southern African states.[40]. In March 1858, after land disputes, cattle rustling and a series of raids and counter-raids, the Orange Free State declared war on the Basotho kingdom, which it failed to defeat. Ade. [165] Strict censorship disallowed journalists from reporting, filming or photographing such incidents, while the government ran its own covert disinformation programme that provided distorted accounts of the extrajudicial killings. "Frontier Settlement in Early Dutch South Africa,". Yet resistance by Boer bittereinders (meaning those who would fight to the bitter end) continued for two more years with guerrilla warfare, which the British met in turn with scorched earth tactics. The African National Congress won, well ahead of the governing National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party. Coetzee ( Afrikaans: [kutsi]) is an Afrikaans surname. It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries in modern times. It has, however, been verified that 17,182 black people died mainly of diseases in the Cape concentration camps alone, but this figure is not accepted historically as a true reflection of the overall numbers. The Great Trek. Another reason for Dutch-speaking white farmers trekking away from the Cape was the abolition of slavery by the British government on Emancipation Day, 1 December 1838. Kruger rejected the British demand and called for the withdrawal of British troops from the borders of the South African Republic. Pearson Longman. [96], The Crown Colony of Griqualand West was annexed into the Cape Colony in 1877, enacted into law in 1880. [3], European exploration of the African coast began in the 13th century when Portugal committed itself to discover an alternative route to the silk road that would lead to China. Snyman Afrikaans Afrikaans version of the German surname Schneider, which is German for tailor. This pages allows you to search first names - their meaning, popularity and distribution. Johnson: This surname is a patronymic of John. Friction between the Griquas and the settlers over land rights resulted in British troops being sent to the region in 1845. Cattle rustling ensued and a party of Boers under the leadership of Piet Retief were killed. [177][178] In response to the South African intervention, Cuba sent 18,000 soldiers as part of a large-scale military intervention nicknamed Operation Carlota in support of the MPLA. 1. [92], During the final campaign, Sekukuni (also spelled Sekhukhune) and members of his entourage took refuge in a mountain cave where he was cut off from food and water. [244], Civil unrest occurred in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces in July 2021, sparked by the imprisonment of former President Jacob Zuma for contempt of court, after he declined to testify at the Zondo Commission, an inquiry into allegations of corruption during his term as president from 2009 to 2018. Modern human settlement occurred around 125,000 years ago in the Middle Stone Age, as shown by archaeological discoveries at Klasies River Caves. The General Assembly had already suspended South Africa from the UN organisation on 12 November 1974. The first KhoikhoiDutch War broke out in 1659, the second in 1673, and the third 16741677. Meaning: 'Flower' or 'blossom.' 4. Similarly, schools, justice and trade up to the arrival of the British, were all managed in the Dutch language. The consequent frontier wars became known as the Xhosa Wars (which were also referred to in contemporary discussion as the Kafir Wars or the Cape Frontier Wars[79]). These groups were displaced or sometimes absorbed by migrating Africans (Bantus) during the Bantu expansion from Western and Central Africa. Nineteenth-Century Contests For Land In South Africa's Caledon Valley And The Invention Of The Mfecane", "First Indian workers arrive in South Africa | South African History Online", "Crossing the Kala Pani: cause for "Celebration" or "Commemoration" 150 years on? The apartheid-era South African military and political intelligence services, for their part, worked closely with American, British and West German secret services throughout the Cold War. The flag of Republic of South Africa was adopted on 26 April 1994. 2. With a population of roughly 6 million, between 19141918, over 250,000 South Africans of all races voluntarily served their country. Teboho m Southern African, Sotho. [74], Although no formally surveyed boundaries existed, Griqua leader Nicolaas Waterboer claimed the diamond fields were situated on land belonging to the Griquas. 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